PENGAYAAN KOMUNIKASI - MODUL BAHASA INGGRIS (TENSES)
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TENSES – by QAInteraktif
I. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Fungsi Simple Present Tense adalah:
- Untuk mengekspresikan kebiasaan (aktivitas sehari-hari)
- Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum, fakta ilmiah, dan segala sesuatu yang tidak berubah
- Untuk menanyakan asal-usul
Tindakan yang diekspresikan dengan menggunakan tense ini merupakan kebiasan yang cenderung tidak berubah. Kata keterangan yang dipakai contohnya: always, usually, daily, dan often. Meskipun begitu, Anda dituntut mampu merasakan konteks “KEBIASAN” karena tidak semua kebiasaan harus ditandai dengan kata keterangan di atas! Misal, jika Anda ingin menyatakan bahwa Anda siswa sebuah universitas, Anda dapat menggunakan tense ini, yaitu: ‘I go to University’ atau ‘I am a university student’, logikanya adalah Anda sering pergi ke kampus untuk belajar sehingga hal ini dianggap sebagai suatu kebiasaan juga. Intinya, dalam alih bahasa, Anda JANGAN TERPANCANG PADA SISTEM PENERJEMAHAN KAKU; PERHATIKAN BUDAYA BAHASA ASAL DAN BAHASA TUJUAN!
Rumus Simple Present Tense adalah:
A. S + V1 jika subyek adalah He/ She/ It (Orang ketiga tunggal) rumusnya S + V1 + S/ ES
Contoh:
1. Mr. Budi (He) teaches English in Sanatadarma.
(Maksudnya Pak Budi adalah pengajar di Sanatadarma)
2. Andika and Tomi (They) always spend their holidays together.
(Maksudnya Andika dan Tomi dari dulu, sekarang, dan mungkin kedepan selalu melewatkan liburan bersama)
Bentuk negatifnya adalah:
S (He/ She/ It) + DOES NOT + V1 (without S/ ES) + ...
Contoh: Mr. Budi (He) doesn’t teach English in Sanatadarma.
S (Other Subjects) + DO NOT + V1 + ...
Contoh: Andika and Tomi (They) don’t spend their holidays together.
Bentuk Interrogative-nya adalah:
DOES + S (He/ She/ It) + V1 + ...?
Contoh: Does Mr. Budi (He) teach English in Sanatadarma?
DO + S (Other Subjects) + V1 + ...?
Contoh: Do Andika and Tomi (They) spend holidays together?
Dapat juga ditambah question words semisal Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, dsb.
QUESTION WORD + DO/ DOES + S + V1 + ...?
e.g. Where does Mr. Budi teach English?
What do you want to do?
Where do you come from?
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B. S + (To Be: IS/ AM/ ARE) + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb of Place And Time
Tambahkan NOT setelah To Be untuk membentuk kalimat negatif dan letakkan To Be sebelum Subyek untuk membentuk kalimat interrogative.
Contoh:
1. I am not an engineer (N).
2. Andrea (She) is pretty (Adj.).
3. My books are on the table (Adv. of place).
4. It is 3:30 p.m. (Adv. of time)
Bentuk ini juga dapat ditambah question words semisal Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, dsb.
QUESTION WORD + To Be + S +...?
e.g. Where are you?
Who is she?
How is He?
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Latihan. Pilih jawaban yang benar
- We (need/ needs) some support from you.
- Anita (love/ loves) to sing in her bathroom.
- (Do/ Does) they buy me a skirt?
- (Where/ What) (do/ does) Wanda (want/ wants) for dinner?
- Bom-bom (are/ is) a cat.
- My mom (looks/ look) for a good doctor.
- Somebody (help/ helps) me doing the job.
- Whom (are/ is/ does/ do) you call?
- In the afternoon, my aunty always (sweep/ sweeps) her house veranda.
- (Do/ Does) they (play/ plays) football every afternoon?
Pahami penggunaan Sumple Present Tense pada bacaan-bacaan berikut ini.
I. MY MOM’S SANDWICHES
I really love my Mom. She always prepares me breakfast before school and she also serves delicious lunch and dinner for me. She gives me all love she has and cares of me days and nights. I tell you what, she is so special, and it does not mean that my Dad is not important, yes! Both are important to me! But, I like to talk about my Mom.
I love sandwich very much and I hardly have it since it is too expensive for me, I can’t afford it! Even once a month! Fortunately, my Mom makes me sandwich twice a week by herself, what a kind-hearted Mom! She buys the ingredients in local market and she cooks them well. Her sandwiches are so delicious, more delicious than those in fast food restaurant!
II. A STRANGE STORY
In big cities, every day, many people leave their houses to make money. They wake up at 04:00 in the morning and prepare their up-coming day anxiously. They are too tired to wake up early. But they have to do it otherwise they don’t make money at all. Before the sun rises, those people already in city transports, and then they continue to sleep during the trips.
In few hours then, they have to get up to do their routines in offices but mostly in hot factories. They spend their energy for little money.
At 5 p.m. they finish the tiring jobs but it’s not over yet! They have to do some other routines. Crowding up with many people in public transports causes headache more over there must be traffic jams everywhere. For these reasons, some of them stay longer in such coffee shops around offices. Surely, it costs them too many expenses.
When it is dark already, those people go home. Houses are quiet when they arrive there; wives, and husbands, children sleep. What is next? Just go to sleep, forget socialization but always remember the problems, hoping to sleep quickly so that tomorrow will come earlier, what a strange story!
Kedua bacaan di atas menceritakan kebiasaan, kalimat yang dipakai menggunakan Simple Present tense.
Kembangkan Vocabulary Anda. Tulis sebanyak-banyaknya kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan kata-kata berikut ini:
- Mom :
- Sandwich :
- Market :
- School :
- Breakfast :
III. II. PRESENT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Fungsi Present Continuous/ Progressive tense adalah:
1. Untuk mengekspresikan TINDAKAN YANG SEDANG BERLANGSUNG SAAT INI JUGA.
2. Untuk mengekspresikan TINDAKAN YANG SEDANG DALAM PROSES atau TINDAKAN YANG DILAKUKAN PADA SATU KURUN WAKTU TERTENTU DI SAAT INI
3. Untuk mengekspresikan TINDAKAN DI MASA DEPAN YANG TELAH PASTI DAN DIRENCANAKAN
Biasanya ditandai dengan right now, now, at present, at immediate time, dsb. yang dalam bahasa Indonesia dinyatakan dengan kata SEDANG. Meskipun begitu, dalam bahasa Indonesia kata sedang tidak mutlak diperlukan saat ingin mengungkapkan tindakan yang saat ini sedang terjadi, jadi sekali lagi, Anda harus mampu memahami konteks kalimat.
Rumus Present Continuous/ Progressive tense adalah:
S + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are) + V ing + ...
Contoh
- The Students (They) are studying English right now.
(Saat ini, para siswa benar-benar sedang belajar bahasa Inggris).
- I am reading a novel.
(Bisa jadi, saat ini saya tidak sedang membaca novel, tapi saya dalam proses membaca novel meskipun saat ini novel saya tinggal untuk sementara waktu)
- Charlotte (She) is leaving to New York tomorrow.
(Charlotte telah merencanakan pergi ke New York besok. To Be + going to juga dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan hal ini)
Tambah NOT setelah To Be untuk membentuk kalimat negatif.
Contoh:
- The students are not studying English right now.
- I am not reading a novel.
- Charlotte is not leaving to New York tomorrow.
Letakkan To Be sebelum Subject untuk membentuk kalimat interrogative.
Contoh:
- Are the students studying English now?
- Am I reading a novel?
- Is Charlotte leaving to New York tomorrow?
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Latihan 1. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut ini dengan menggunakan Present Continuous/ Progressive Tense.
1. Nobody (stand) _____________ over there.
2. Nita (sleep) ____________ in her bed.
3. Some teachers (evaluate) _______________ the test results.
4. Don’t turn off the light! Don’t you see I (read) _____________ now?
5. My Dad and I (do) _______________ a secret project.
6. People (prepare) ______________ next day celebration.
7. _____ Mike (write) ____________ a love letter?
8. They (not consume) ________________ drugs.
9. We ____ still (watch) _________ TV.
10. My friends (play) _______________ football in Surabaya next month.
Latihan 2. Dapatkah Anda membedakan konteks Simple Present dan Present Continuous tenses pada soal-soal berikut ini?
1. Jonathan always __________ to cinema on weekends. (go)
2. Babe _______________ her new dress now. (wear)
3. I like Manchester United because they often ________ perfectly. (play)
4. __________ Deborah ___________ her cat very much? (love)
5. Whatever you said, you hardly _____________ your parents proud. (make)
6. On Sundays, we often __________ for fishing. (go)
7. Today I ________________ some tiring jobs. (do)
8. They always _____________ me that the river is dangerous. (tell)
9. Sarah _____________ now and she usually _______ at 5 pm. (sleep/wake)
10. Anthony and I _____________ to school today. (walk)
11. Stephanie ________________ on stage right now. (sing)
12. She always ____________ in her bathroom. (sing)
13. ______ you __________me, what’s up? (call)
14. Cats usually ____________ for hours. (sleep)
15. My sister ____________ traditional dance on Wednesdays. (practice)
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Sekedar tahu aja
Bagaimana binatang bersuara? Buatlah kalimat kompleks dari masing-masing kalimat berikut.
A Dog barks
______________________________________________________________
A Rooster crows
______________________________________________________________
A Lamb bleats
______________________________________________________________
A Horse neighs
______________________________________________________________
A Lion roars
______________________________________________________________
A Bird chirps
______________________________________________________________
An Elephant trumpets
______________________________________________________________
A Pig grunts
______________________________________________________________
A Cow lows
______________________________________________________________
A Frog croaks
______________________________________________________________
KOMPOSISI
Simak Penggunaan Simple Present dan Present Continuous/ Progressive tenses pada bacaan berikut ini.
IV. SHE IS THE ONE!
Brittany often says that she is too shy. But now she is singing in front of many people. She usually wears long dresses but now she is wearing sexy skirt. She loves orange juice very much but now she is drinking tequila a lot. She swears me for my arrogance but she is dancing madly right now. Well, what else? Oh, she always walks gracefully but, my goodness, she is jumping to people right there? What is She doing?
Apa yang Anda temukan? Baca kembali bacaan di atas dengan cermat
Bacaan tersebut menggunakan Simple Present dan Present Continuous. Kalau Anda mengaku telah cukup LIAR seharusnya komposisi di atas tidak lah terlalu sulit dipahami logikanya!
Apa yang harus Anda lakukan?
Ceritakan kebiasaan aneh Anda!!!
Sekarang, tulis komposisi sederhana dari bacaan di atas.
Contoh:
- ‘Brittany often says that she is too shy’ komposisi sederhananya adalah ‘Brittany says (she is shy)’
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Tulislah komposisi kompleks dari kumpulan kata berikut ini.
1. I – buy – computer – Magicstore – like – good – study
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. One – love – me – I – good looking
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. There – story – dog
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Parents – ask – me – go – London
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. We – need – buy – breakfast
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
III. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Fungsi Present Perfect tense adalah:
Untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan baru saja selesai atau hampir selesai pada saat ini dan digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang berulang-ulang. Biasanya tense ini ditandai dengan kata just (baru saja) dan almost (hampir). Terkadang tense ini diartikan dengan ‘telah’, contoh, “We’ve eaten” diartikan “kami telah makan.”
PERHATIAN:
Karena salah satu kegunaan tense ini adalah untuk mengekspresikan kegiatan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang secara logis fungsi tersebut hampir mirip dengan fungsi simple present tense. Perbedaan utamanya adalah pada logika perulangan tindakan. Perulangan tindakan yang diungkapkan dengan simple present tense waktunya tidak dipentingkan, karena sifat kebiasaan adalah sesuatu yang cenderung dilakukan setiap saat. Perulangan tindakan yang diekspresikan dengan menggunakan present perfect tense memiliki batasan waktu dimulainya tindakan tersebut (meskipun terkadang tidak dijelaskan secara eksplisit).
Contoh:
I don’t smoke.
(Berarti bahwa si penutur dari dulu – kapan, tidak penting – hingga sekarang dan kemungkinan di kemudian hari tidak suka menghisap rokok).
I have not smoked since heart surgery (last year).
(Berarti bahwa si penutur sejak setahun lalu atau sejak dioperasi berhenti merokok).
Rumus Present Perfect tense adalah:
RUMUS A
(+) S (He/ She/ It) + Has + V3
- She has had her breakfast (Ia baru saja sarapan).
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + V3
– We have tried to call him (kami baru saja mencoba menelfonnya).
(- ) S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + V3
- She hasn’t had her breakfast.
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + V3
– We haven’t tried to call him.
(? ) Has + S (He/ She/ It) + V3?
– Has she had her breakfast?
Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + V3 ?
– Have we tried to call him?
RUMUS B
(+) S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun
- She has been a great student after won the competition.
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun
-I have been the class champion after studied hard.
(- ) S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun
- She has not been a great student even though she won the competition.
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun
-I haven’t been the class champion after studied hard.
(? ) Has + S (He/ She/ It) + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun?
-Has she been a great student after won the competition?
Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun ?
-Have I been the class champion after studied hard?
KOMPOSISI
V. TOKYO
Jean has just arrived from Japan. He has been in Tokyo for several times. He loves that country very much especially its well-known Tokyo. Jean lives in Jakarta and the city is so hot! It is so different from Tokyo. Tokyo has four seasons and Jean loves winter so much. Jean has just told his friends about his great experiences in Tokyo and he hasn’t finished calling his other friends yet.
Apa yang dapat Anda simpulkan? Cobalah kerjakan latihan berikut ini.
- The Corrs (release) ________________ their new album yesterday.
- Some unpredicted results (affect) ________________ the decision.
- Wait a second, I (finish) _________________ my works.
- She needs a little more time to study after (gain) ______________ the best score.
- Nobody (receive) ______________ annual bonus.
Buatlah komposisi Anda sendiri.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________________
Jawablah pertanyaan berikut ini.
- Where have you been before now?
- What cities have you visited a lot recently?
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Relaxation
What will you do if you meet.....(mention something or some one)?
What do you think if there will not be water anymore?
What will you do if you have lost your wallet in a strange place?
IV. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Fungsi Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive tense adalah:
Untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan sekarang masih berlangsung. Penekanan terletak pada informasi kurun waktu yang diterangkan setelah preposisi for (selama) dan since (sejak).
Rumus Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive tense:
RUMUS
(+) S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + V-ing
She has been having her breakfast for almost an hour (hingga saat ini, ia telah makan pagi selama hampir satu jam).
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Been + V-ing
We have been trying to call him since this morning (semenjak pagi hingga sekarang kami mencoba menelfonnya).
(- ) S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + Been + V-ing
She hasn’t been eating her breakfast.
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + Been + V-ing
We haven’t been trying to call him since this morning.
(? ) Has + S (He/ She/ It) + Been + V-ing?
Has she been having her breakfast?
Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + V3?
Have we been trying to call him?
Latihan. Lengkapi kalimat berikut dengan menggunakan Present Perfect Continuous tense
- Brandy and Monica (not sing)_______________________ for years together.
- St Tropez (be)_____________________ an exotic soap opera since there are a lot of sexy stars involved.
- Someone with a funny dog (walk around)_______________________ for hours.
- The selling agent (develop)__________________________ the new strategy to gain consumers.
- Such many American cultures (infiltrate)________________________ us for decades.
BACAAN
VI. A BROKEN FRIENDSHIP
‘What do you feel about him Sarah?’ Tom has asked me the question. I’m not really with him so far and he feels a kind of strange disturbing situation with my closed friendship with Alex. I don’t have any idea why he is so interesting. The only thing I comprehend a lot is that Alex always spends his days studying and hard working.
Frankly, I don’t know much about Alex. He has just moved from Nebraska and he has been living in this surrounding since three weeks ago. He has been a friend after his arrival; he has been my next-door neighbor. I’m so interested in him that it makes Tom anxious.
Tom is a good friend of mine too, but I don’t really like him because of some reasons impolite to be said here. He is not too bad exactly but I need more than that. Tom is always on his weird ideas. He is doing such a dangerous action recently and I don’t really like danger. Tom loves cliff hanging a lots and he can’t afford of avoiding the passion; he is cliff hanging at Mount Rocky next summer’s holydays.
It doesn’t mean that I’m so selfish! I only want my friends saved and sound, no matter what. But some of other fellows give opinions that Tom is jealous of my closed new friendship with Alex, I just can’t buy this, Tom always considers me as his younger sister that every time he feels a right to control my privacy a lot!
After a while thinking I finally to have all these problems finished. I am telling Tom not to consider me as his private property any more; whether or not he agrees!
DICTION
Pahami kata-kata berikut ini lalu buat lah sebuah paragraph pendek menggunakan kata-kata tersebut.
- Move : migrate, shift, elope, escape, change, draw, pass, evolution, revolution, rise, raise, dynamic, etc.
- Still : stay, resist, abide, remain, static, stop, etc.
- Say : talk, state, whisper, announce, proclaim, declare, cry, tell, explain, inform, shout, argue, prohibit, etc.
- Stone : sand, rock, corral, cliff, hail-stone, masonry, concrete, etc.
- Water : rain, dew, milk, ice, sweat, piss, stock, tears, river, lake, sea, ocean, etc.
______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sekarang Anda telah menguasai empat present tenses. Yang harus diingat adalah bahwa semua present tenses digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan dan fakta AKTUAL. Peristiwa aktual (yang ada hubungannya dengan saat ini) dapat berupa KEBIASAAN (Simple Present), SEDANG DALAM PROSES/ RENCANA PASTI (Present Continuous), SESUATU YANG BARU SAJA TERJADI/ HAMPIR SELESAI (Present Perfect), maupun KURUN WAKTU TINDAKAN DARI DULU HINGGA SEKARANG (Present Perfect Continuous).
Setelah memahami semua logika present tenses tersebut (tentu saja beserta perubahan VERB pada setiap tense dan itu berarti Anda harus mulai menghapal irregular verbs!) Anda akan dengan sangat mudah memahami konteks Past Tenses! Mau bukti?
Perhatikan baik-baik komposisi pendek berikut ini.
My name is Danniel. I love to eat. Now, I am eating fried rice. I have been eating it since five minutes ago. Actually, I have almost finished eating it by now.
Apakah Anda memahami mengapa keempat kalimat di atas ditulis dalam tenses yang berbeda? Ya, tentu saja! Masing-masing kalimat mengacu pada kondisi dan waktu yang berbeda-beda. Jangan samakan logika waktu dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan yang ada di dalam bahasa Inggris karena jelas logika waktu dalam bahasa Inggris sangat membutuhkan ketelitian; TIME IS MONEY, GUYS!
Jika Present Tenses mengacu pada peristiwa dan kondisi aktual PAST TENSES BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KONTEKS PENCERITAAN. Yang diubah adalah KETERANGAN WAKTU (Now menjadi last…, today menjadi yesterday, dsb.), TO BE (is, am, are menjadi was dan were), dan KATA KERJA BANTU (do, does, have, has menjadi did dan had).
Perhatikan contoh komposisi Past Tenses berikut ini.
Last year, while I was studying in Singapore, I met Sarah. At the time I had just arrived in the country. Sarah told me that she had already been living in Singapore for about three years.
(Aku bercerita bahwa) Tahun lalu, saat aku belajar di Singapura, aku bertemu Sarah. Saat itu, aku baru saja tiba. Sarah mengatakan kepadaku bahwa ia telah tinggal di Singapura selama tiga tahun (dihitung dari kedatangannya hingga saat ia mengatakan hal tersebut tahun lalu).
Bandingkan dengan komposisi Present tenses berikut.
I study in Singapore. I am meeting Sarah now. I have just arrived in the country. Sarah is telling me that she has already been living in Singapore for three years.
Aku belajar di Singapura. Saat ini aku sedang bertemu dengan Sarah. Aku baru saja tiba ke negara ini. Sarah sedang mengatakan kepadaku bahwa ia telah tinggal di Singapura selama tiga tahun (dihitung dari kedatangannya hingga saat ini).
Bagaimana agar lebih jelas? Anda tentu saja harus mempelajari bahasan detil Past Tenses berikut ini.
V. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Simple Past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang telah selesai di masa lampau, untuk menggambarkan keadaan/ kondisi di masa lampau, dan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lampau meskipun pada umumnya banyak yang menggunakan frasa used to (yang artinya: dulu biasanya) untuk tujuan ini. Biasanya tense ini menggunakan keterangan waktu: yesterday, last night, a week ago, dsb.
Rumus Simple Past tense adalah:
A. S + V2 + …
Contoh
Mr. Budi (He) taught English in Sanatadarma last year.
(Mr. Budi dulu/ tahun lalu mengajar di Sanatadarma)
Andika and Tomi (They) always spent their holidays together.
(Dulu, Andika dan Tomi selalu berlibur bersama)
Bentuk negatifnya adalah:
S + DID NOT + V1+ ...
Mr. Budi (He) didn’t teach English in Sanatadarma last year.
Andika and Tomi (They) din’t spend their holidays together.
Bentuk interrogative-nya adalah:
DID + S + V1 + ...?
Did Mr. Budi (He) teach English in Sanatadarma last year?
Did Andika and Tomi (They) spend holidays together?
Dapat juga digabungkan dengan Question Words: Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, dsb
QUESTION WORD + DID + S + V1 + ...?
Where did Mr. Budi teach English before now?
What did you want to do when you were a child?
B. S + (To Be: WAS/ WERE) + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb of Place And Time
Contoh
1. I was not an engineer a month ago (N).
2. Andrea (She) was pretty twenty years ago (Adj.).
3. My books (they) were on the table last night (Adv. of place).
4. It was 3:30 p.m. when you arrived home yesterday afternoon (Adv. of time).
QUESTION WORD + To Be + S +...?
Where were you?
Who was she?
How was He?
Pemahaman bacaan
My Brave Childhood
When I was ten I had a brave experience. At the time I visited my relatives lived in other town. I went there by city bus. Firstly my parents didn’t allow me to go because my destination was too far for my age. They worried me so much but I insisted to go. They finally allowed me to go. I was so happy then because I had a plan to meet some one there.
It took fifteen minutes before a city bus stopped in front of me. For a while I felt so confused but a minute later I decided to go on the bus. I hardly slept in the trip, because it was my first trip, without parents. I was so proud and couldn’t wait to tell it to my schoolmates.
It was not difficult to find my relatives’ house because I had been there several times and it was closed to the bus station. I knocked the door and found surprised expression from my uncle and aunty. They asked me to phone my parents and tell them I had already arrived there.
I stayed there for two days and my uncle and aunty insisted to take me home. It wasn’t fun at all; in the bus they had me to sit quietly.
VII.
THE LOST OF THE TITANIC
The great ship, Titanic, sailed to New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. She carried 1316 passengers and 891 crews. At the time Titanic was the biggest, most modern ship and engineers believed that it was unsinkable. But then, the well-known ship sank in her first voyage and caused many people died with her.
Coba tuliskan salah satu pengalaman Anda sewaktu kecil.
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Apakah Anda tahu Verb 2 dari kata-kata berikut?
Stand Lose Smile
Sleep Sit Talk
Jump Wake Dream
Walk Run Listen
VIII. VI. PAST CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Fungsi past continuous/ progressive tense adalah:
1. Untuk menceritakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada satu titik waktu di masa lampau.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu proses yang terjadi di masa lampau.
Rumus Past Continuous/ Progressive tense adalah:
S + To Be (Was/ Were) + V ing + ...
-The Students (They) were studying English at five afternoon yesterday.
(kemarin sore, jam lima, para siswa sedang belajar bahasa Inggris).
-I was reading a novel while you were sleeping last night.
Tambah not setelah To Be untuk membentuk kalimat negative.
-The students were not studying English at five afternoon yesterday.
- I was not reading a novel while you were sleeping last night.
Letakkan To Be sebelum Subject untuk membentuk kalimat interrogative.
-Were the students studying English at five afternoon yesterday?
-Was I reading a novel while you were sleeping?
|
Tulis ulang kalimat-kalimat Present Continuous berikut menjadi kalimat Past Continuous; Sesuaikan penanda waktunya.
- She is dancing with her boy friend this morning.
____________________________________________________________________
- Our country is developing its infrastructure.
____________________________________________________________________
- You and I are talking about Finding Nemo.
____________________________________________________________________
- Neither you nor she is having dinner right now.
____________________________________________________________________
- Hardly are they visiting each other.
____________________________________________________________________
- My cat is shipping her milk.
____________________________________________________________________
- Nobody is working on this striking day.
____________________________________________________________________
- I am reading Tess of D’urbervilles.
____________________________________________________________________
- The computer is shooting down after I switched its power button off.
____________________________________________________________________
- Smoking is decreasing recently.
____________________________________________________________________
VII. PAST PERFECT
Past Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan satu tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan lainnya di masa lampau. Dua tindakan yang dinyatakan dalam sebuah kalimat memiliki urutan waktu pelaksanaan, contoh: “Kemarin, sebelum makan kami mengerjakan PR terlebih dahulu.”
Kegiatan yang terlebih dahulu dilakukan HARUS menggunakan Past Perfect dan tindakan yang dilakukan setelah itu HARUS menggunakan Simple Past. Dalam konteks di atas, tindakan yang pertama kali dilakukan adalah Mengerjakan PR sehingga kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi, “Yesterday, before we ate, we had finished our homeworks first.” Meskipun begitu, jika terdapat dua tindakan yang cenderung tidak berlangsung lama di masa lampau, kedua tindakan tersebut biasanya tetap diungkapkan dengan Simple Past tense.
Past Perfect juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan baru saja selesai atau hampir selesai pada saat lampau pula dan digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang berulang-ulang yang dilakukan dari titik waktu tertentu hingga titik waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Tense ini juga ditandai dengan kata just (baru saja) dan almost (hampir).
RUMUS PAST PERFECT
A.
(+) S + HAD + V3
- We had finished studying before you came.
- They had sent the letter first, and then they went to campus.
(-) S + HAD NOT + V3
- We had not finished studying before you came.
- They had not sent the letter first, before went to campus.
(?) HAD + S + V3?
- Had we finished studying before you came?
- Had they sent the letter first, and then went to campus?
B.
(+) S + HAD BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv.
- Until last year, she had been a best friend of mine.
(-) S + HAD NOT BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv.
- Until last year, she had not been a best friend of mine.
(?) HAD + S + BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv?
- Until last year, had she been a best friend of mine?
Latihan
1. He ________________ before I ______________ him. (fall/ help)
2. They_______________ much money, after that they _______ nothing. (spend/ have)
3. ______ you _________ me before you came here? (come/ call)
4. I _______ my breakfast but before, I ________________ it myself. (eat/ cook)
5. We _________________ a bath after that we __________. (take/ sleep)
6. ___________________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________________________________________
A Secret
Last week when Tom was so desperate about his problem Joe, a friend of his, came. He asked him about the problem Tom had. Tom was so in dilemma because before it he had given his words not to tell his problem to anyone else. Finally Joe had the ‘things’ but before that he had persuaded Tom to tell him the secret and he had promised not to tell the secret to anyone else. But Joe then laughed heavily after he knew the secret of Tom’s. What is the secret then? I will not tell you since I am not one of people who love to tell secret to everyone!
VIII. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Past Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan kurun waktu suatu kegiatan yang dimulai dan diakhiri pada satu titik waktu tertentu di masa lampau (penekanannya pada periode waktu).
RUMUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(+) S + HAD BEEN + V-ING
- When I came to Semarang in 1996, that old man had already been selling coco-ice for three years.
- I had been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up yesterday.
(-) S + HAD NOT BEEN + V-ING
- They had not been waiting for an hour before you arrived.
- I had not been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up yesterday.
(?) HAD + S + BEEN + V-ING?
- When I came to Semarang in 1996, had that old man already been selling coco-ice for three years?
- Had I been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up yesterday?
Coba perhatikan perbedaan logika kalimat Present Perfect Continuous dan Past Perfect Continuous berikut ini.
Until today, I have been teaching English for three years (waktu tiga tahun dihitung dari sekarang hingga awal mula saya ngajar; jika sekarang tahun 2004 saya mulai mengajar pada 2001 silam).
Until last month, I had been teaching English for three years (waktu tiga tahun dihitung dari sebulan lalu hingga awal mula saya mengajar; sampai sekarang berarti saya telah mengajar selama tiga tahun satu bulan)
Latihan soal
1. Saat itu aku telah mencarinya selama lima tahun, namun semuanya sia-sia, dia telah pergi untuk selamanya.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Ketika Jepang telah menjajah Indonesia selama dua setengah tahun, akhirnya bangsa kita bangkit dan melawannya.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IX. PRESENT/ SIMPLE FUTURE
Present/ Simple Future digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang tidak direncanakan di masa depan. Terkadang tense ini mengekspresikan sebuah keinginan atau cita-cita.
RUMUS A (PRESENT/ SIMPLE FUTURE)
(+) S + Will + V1 + …
I will buy a car next year. (aku ingin membeli sebuah mobil, kemungkinannya tahun depan dan waktu tepatnya aku tidak tahu)
( - ) I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + V1 + …
We shan’t stay any longer here. (Kita harus segera pergi)
( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + V1 + …
They will not sleep early tonight. (Mereka ingin tidur larut)
( ? ) Shall + I/ We + V1 + …?
Shall we dance Madam? (Menawarkan untuk menari bersama)
( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + V1 + …?
Will you send me a letter, Pal? (Aku ingin tahu apakah temanku mau berkirim surat untukku)
RUMUS B
(+) S + Will + Be + N, Adj., Adv.
I will be a car washer next holiday. (Aku ingin mengisi liburan dengan bekerja sebagai pencuci mobil)
( - ) I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + Be + N, Adj., Adv.
We shan’t be pretty any more. (Penampilan kita akan segera berubah)
( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + Be + N, Adj., Adv.
They will not be here tonight. (Mereka mungkin tidak akan datang)
( ? ) Shall + I/ We + Be + N, Adj., Adv.?
Shall we be doctors? (Sebuah pertanyaan tentang cita-cita masa depan)
( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + Be + N, Adj. Adv.?
Will you be there, Sam? (Aku bertanya apakah Sam akan ke sana)
Latihan. Terjemahkan kalimat berikut kedalam bahasa Inggris
1. Kami tidak akan mengikuti ajakanmu.
___________________________________________________________
2. Apakah aku harus pergi?
___________________________________________________________
3. Mereka tidak akan berlayar ke Jepang bulan depan.
___________________________________________________________
4. Sandra tidak akan membeli barang mahal itu.
___________________________________________________________
5. Setelah kalian pulang, kami mungkin akan menelfon Tommy.
___________________________________________________________
IX.
X. X. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Future Continuous digunakan untuk mengekspresikan apa yang akan sedang dilakukan seseorang atau sesuatu di satu titik waktu di masa depan.
RUMUS FUTURE CONTINUOUS
(+) S + Will + Be + V-ing + ...
I will be teaching course next holiday.
( - ) I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + Be + V-ing + ...
We shan’t be having dinner tomorrow evening at 7 pm.
( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + Be + V-ing + ...
They will not be sleeping when you arrive tonight.
( ? ) Shall + I/ We + Be + V-ing + …?
Shall we be fishing by next an hour?
( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + Be + V-ing + …?
Will you be playing football on Friday afternoon, Sam?
Latihan.
1. They ________________________ (study) at 8 pm this evening.
2. ____________ you _________________ (wait) for me?
3. It is I who _________________ (help) you with this work.
4. We ________________________ (smoking) in next meeting.
5. They ___________________ (sing) Scandinavian song tomorrow morning.
6. ________________________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________________________________
8. ________________________________________________________________
9. ________________________________________________________________
10. ________________________________________________________________
Tulislah cita-cita atau keinginan Anda di masa depan serta usaha-usaha yang telah Anda lakukan untuk mewujudkannya. Ingat, gunakan tenses yang sesuai untuk masing-masing kalimat.
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XI. FUTURE PERFECT
Untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang akan selesai pada sekitar satu titik waktu di masa depan. Kapan tindakan itu dimulai tidak lah penting.
RUMUS FUTURE PERFECT
(+) S + Will + Have + V3
I will have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening.
(Aku mungkin akan menyelesaikan buku ini paling lambat besok petang)
(- ) S + Shall/ Will + Not + Have + V3
I shall not have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening.
(?) Shall/ Will + S + Have + V3?
Shall I have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening?
XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Untuk menyatakan sudah berapa lama kah suatu tindakan berlangsung hingga satu titik waktu di masa depan.
RUMUS FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(+) S + Will + Have + Been + V-ing
They will have been leaving in New York for three years exactly in June, next year.
(Tepat pada bulan Juni tahun depan mereka akan telah tinggal di New York selama tiga tahun)
( - ) S + Shall/ Will + Not + Have + Been + V-ing
We shall not have been studying English for three months by tomorrow.
(Hingga besok kami belum belajar bahasa Inggris selama tiga tahun)
(?) Shall/ Will + S + Have + Been + V-ing?
Will earth have been spinning for a million years next decade?
(Hingga dekade depan, apakah bumi telah berputar selama sejuta tahun?)
XIII. FUTURE PAST
Untuk menyatakan:
1. Suatu tindakan yang akan dilakukan di masa lampau.
2. Kalimat persyaratan lampau.
3. Permintaan sopan atau untuk meminta pendapat (khusus kalimat tanya).
4. Untuk should (berarti: seharusnya) dalam kalimat positif, penggunaannya dimaksudkan untuk menyarankan suatu tindakan yang dianggap sesuai.
RUMUS A (FUTURE PAST)
(+) S + Would + V1
They would give me an advice but they were in a hurry to catch the yesterday’s morning flight.
(Kemarin mereka akan memberi saya sebuah saran)
They should spend their holidays with families and not with friends.
(Mereka seharusnya menghabiskan liburan bersama keluarga dan bukan bersama teman)
If you had spent your money out, I would lend you some.
(Seandainya kamu telah kehabisan uang, aku akan meminjamimu)
(- ) S + Should/ Would + Not + V1
We should not underestimate the warning!
(Kita sepatutnya tidak meremehkan peringatan itu! Atau kita dulu tidak akan meremehkan peringatan tersebut)
(? ) Should/ Would + S + V1?
Would you come to my house?
(Merupakan ajakan sopan yang berlaku untuk saat ini)
Should I tell the truth to Jake?
(Meminta pertimbangan untuk melakukan sesuatu)
RUMUS B
(+) S + Would + be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb
When I was a child, I would be a doctor but now it’s over.
(Saat kecil aku bercita-cita menjadi seorang dokter dan sekarang tidak lagi)
If you had accepted my love, I would be at your side forever.
(Jika kau menerima cintaku aku akan selalu ada di sampingmu selamanya)
Yesterday morning, I would call you to tell my plan but I forgot!
(Kemarin pagi aku akan menelfonmu tapi aku lupa)
(- ) S + Should/ Would + Not + be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb
When I was a child, I would not be a doctor.
Yesterday morning, he actually would not call you to tell his plan but he finally did it this morning!
(? ) Should/ Would + S + be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb?
Should I be a teacher or a doctor?
Would you be my wife, please?
XIV. FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS
Future Past Continuous digunakan untuk mengekspresikan tindakan yang akan sedang berlangsung di satu titik waktu di masa lampau. Perhatikan dan pahami logika waktunya.
RUMUS FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS
(+) S + Would + be + V-ing
Anthony had told me that he would be waiting for me by the time I arrived there yesterday but he lied to me, He was not there!
(- ) S + Should/ Would + Not + be + V-ing
Anthony had told me that he would not be waiting for me by the time I arrived there yesterday and he meant it, he was not there!
(?) Should/ Would + S + be + V-ing?
Would Anthony be waiting for me by the time I arrived there?
XV. FUTURE PAST PERFECT
Future Past Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syaratnya sudah pasti tidak terpenuhi.
RUMUS A (FUTURE PAST PERFECT)
(+) I/ We + Should have + V3
I should have got the highest point if only I had learnt the material seriously.
(aku seharusnya mendapatkan nilai tertinggi seandainya aku belajar serius)
You/ He/ She/ It/ They + Would have + V3
They would have graduated if they had studied hard.
(Mereka pasti lulus seandainya mereka belajar dengan rajin)
(- ) S + Should/ Would + Not + Have + V3
I shouldn’t have got the lowest point if only I had learnt the material.
They wouldn’t have graduated if they hadn’t studied hard.
(? ) Should/ Would + S + V3 ?
Would they have graduated if they had studied hard?
Should I have got the lowest point if I hadn’t learnt the material?
RUMUS B
(+) S + Should/ Would have + Been + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb
She should have been a boy; she does not like womanly activities.
(Seharusnya ia adalah seorang anak lelaki)
(- ) S + Should/ Would + Not + Have + Been + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb
She should not have been a girl; she does not like womanly activities.
(+) Should/ Would + S + Have + Been + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb
Should she have been a boy?
XVI. FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Untuk menyatakan kurun waktu yang akan dicapai pada satu titik waktu yang belum terjadi di masa lampau.
RUMUS FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(+) S + Should/ Would Have + Been + V-ing
They had told me that by last week they would have been doing their project for three months.
(Mereka sebelumnya telah mengatakan kepadaku bahwa hingga minggu lalu mereka akan telah mengerjakan proyek selama tiga bulan)
(- ) S + Should/ Would + Not + Have + Been + V-ing
By last week they wouldn’t have been doing their project for three months.
(?) Should/ Would + S + Have + Been + V-ing?
By last week would they have been doing their project for three months?
Well, penggunaan tenses tergantung kepada kebutuhan dalam percakapan. Terkadang kita hanya menggunakan beberapa tenses namun di saat lain kita juga harus menggunakan semua tenses. Misal, dalam daily conversation kita tidak begitu perlu menggunakan banyak tenses namun pada konteks lain seperti dalam penulisan deskriptif dan analisis profesional kita harus mempertimbangkan penggunaan tenses yang dapat mewakili deskripsi dan analisis kita.
Passive voice
Kalimat pasif
Kalimat pasif hanya berhubungan dengan rumus A karena kalimat pasif mensyaratkan penggunaan kata kerja asli dan bukan kata kerja pembantu (do/ does/ did), kata kerja penghubung (to be), dsb. Bentuk ini juga mensyaratkan kalimat transitif, yaitu yang memiliki komposisi Subyek-Predikat-Obyek.
Kenapa ada bentuk pasif dalam kalimat? Dalam sebuah kalimat, informasi yang paling penting biasanya diletakkan pada posisi subyek baru kemudian hal yang kurang penting diletakkan pada posisi objek. Selain itu, penggunaan kalimat pasif, secara tersirat, mengekspresikan suatu pengungkapan fakta secara obyektif.
Pembentukan kalimat pasif pada semua tenses pada dasarnya dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua, yaitu continuous/ progressive tenses dan tenses lain (simple dan perfect) Perbedaannya terletak pada pengartian kalimat dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Untuk kalimat pasif continuous/ progressive tenses dalam bahasa Indonesia diterjemahkan kurang lebih sebagai sedang di…/ sedang ter...
Terdapat pola kalimat aktif dalam bahasa Inggris jika diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Indonesia polanya dapat berubah menjadi kalimat pasif, contoh “The music sounds beautiful” dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah, “Musik tersebut terdengar indah.” Meskipun sounds adalah kata kerja namun ini tidak diikuti oleh kata keterangan beautifully. Hal semacam itu dapat kita temui pada contoh kalimat “The cake tastes good,” dan kalimat-kalimat lain yang mengekspresikan panca indera.
Bentuk pasif biasanya sering rancu dengan salah satu bentuk verbal yaitu past participle yang memiliki ciri hampir sama yaitu penggunaan Verb 3 dan tidak berfungsi sebagai kata kerja. Namun yang harus diingat di sini adalah bahwa bentuk pasif selalu mensyaratkan adanya To Be. Untuk lebih jelasnya lihat bagian CEK KESALAHAN VERBAL.
Sekali lagi, jangan terpaku pada cara penerjemahan kaku. Anda dituntut kreatif dalam alih bahasa agar makna yang terkandung dalam kalimat dapat dimengerti oleh pembaca.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
Kalimat aktif untuk simple tenses (e.g. simple present tense)
We collect oldies stamps.
(Kami mengumpulkan perangko kuno)
Kalimat pasif untuk simple tenses (e.g. simple present)
Oldies stamps are collected by us.
(Perangko kuno kami kumpulkan)
Kalimat aktif untuk continuous/ progressive tenses (e.g. present continuous)
We are collecting oldies stamps.
(Kami sedang mengumpulkan perangko kuno)
Kalimat pasif untuk continuous/ progressive tenses (e.g. present continuous)
Oldies stamps are being collected by us.
(Perangko kuno sedang kami kumpulkan)
RUMUS UMUM
S + (Have, Has, Had / Modal/ Modal + Have) + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are/ Was/ Were/ Be/ Been) + (Not) + (Being) + V3
Rumus selengkapnya adalah sebagai berikut:
Simple Present Tense
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + V1 + O jika subyek adalah He/ She/ It (Orang ketiga tunggal) rumusnya S + V1 + S/ ES + O
Mr. Budi (He) teaches English in Sanatadarma.
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (is/ am/ are) + V3
In Sanatadharma, English is taught by Mr. Budi.
(Di Sanatadharma, bahasa Inggris diampu oleh Pak Budi)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (is/ am/ are) + Not + V3
In Sanatadharma, English is not taught by Mr. Budi.
(Di Sanatadharma, bahasa Inggris tidak diampu oleh Pak Budi)
Present Continuous/ Progressive tense
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are) + V ing + O
The Students are studying English right now.
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (is/ am/ are) + Being + V3
English is being studied by the students right now.
(Bahasa Inggris sedang dipelajari oleh siswa saat ini juga)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (is/ am/ are) + Not + Being + V3
English is not being studied by the students right now.
(Bahasa Inggris tidak sedang dipelajari oleh siswa saat ini juga)
Present Perfect tense
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Have/ Has + V3 + O
She has had Salad for breakfast (Ia baru saja sarapan Salad).
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Have/ Has + Been + V3
Salad has been had for breakfast by her.
(Menu pagi Salad baru saja disantapnya)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Have/ Has + Not + Been + V3
Salad has not been had for breakfast by her.
(Menu pagi Salad belum ia santap)
Present Perfect Continuous tense
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + V-ing + O
She has been having her breakfast for almost an hour
(Hingga saat ini, ia telah makan pagi selama hampir satu jam)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Have/ Has + Been + Being + V3
Her breakfast has been being had by her for almost an hour.
(Hingga saat ini, sarapannya telah ia santap selama hampir satu jam)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Have/ Has + Not + Been + V3
Her breakfast has not been being had by her for almost an hour.
(Hingga saat ini, belum lah satu jam sarapannya ia santap)
Simple Past tense
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + V2 + O
Mr. Budi taught English in Sanatadarma last year.
(Pak Budi tahun lalu mengajar di Sanatadarma)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (was/ were) + V3
Last year in Sanatadharma, English was taught by Mr. Budi.
(Tahun lalu di Sanatadharma, bahasa Inggris diampu oleh Pak Budi)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (was/ were) + Not + V3
Last year in Sanatadharma, English was not taught by Mr. Budi.
(Tahun lalu di Sanatadarma, bahasa Inggris tidak diampu oleh Pak Budi)
Past Continuous/ Progressive tense
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + To Be (Was/ Were) + V ing + O
Experts were studying a case at five afternoon yesterday.
(Kemarin sore, jam lima, para ahli sedang mempelajari sebuah kasus)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (was/ were) + being + V3
The case was being studied by experts at five afternoon yesterday.
(Jam lima sore kemarin, kasus tersebut sedang dipelajari oleh para ahli)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (was/ were) + Not + being + V3
The case was not being studied by experts at five afternoon yesterday.
(Jam lima sore kemarin, kasus tersebut tidak sedang dipelajari oleh para ahli)
Past Perfect
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + HAD + V3 + O
Yesterday, they had sent the letter first, and then they went to campus.
(Kemarin, mereka terlebih dahulu mengirimkan surat sebelum pergi ke kampus)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Had + Been + V3
Yesterday, before they went to campus, the letter had been sent by them.
(Kemarin, sebelum mereka pergi ke kampus, terlebih dahulu surat mereka kirim)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Had + Not + Been + V3
Yesterday, before they went to campus, the letter had not been sent by them.
(Surat tidak mereka kirim sebelum mereka berangkat ke kampus kemarin)
Past Perfect Continuous
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + HAD BEEN + V-ING
When I arrived in Semarang in 1996, that old man had already been breeding wild roosters for three years.
(Saat saya tiba di Semarang pada tahun 1996, orang tua itu telah beternak ayam liar selama tiga tahun)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Had + Been + Being + V3 + O
When I arrived in Semarang in 1996, wild roosters had been being bred by that old man for three years.
(Saat saya tiba di Semarang pada tahun 1996, ayam liar telah diternak oleh lelaki tua itu selama tiga tahun)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Had + Not + Been + being + V3
When I arrived in Semarang in 1996, wild roosters had not been being bred by that old man yet.
(Saat saya tiba di Semarang pada tahun 1996, ayam liar belum diternak oleh lelaki tua itu)
Present/ Simple Future
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Will / Shall + V1 + O
I will buy a car next year.
(aku ingin membeli sebuah mobil tahun depan)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Be + V3
A car will be bought by me next year.
(Tahun depan, sebuah mobil akan saya beli)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Not + Be + V3
A car will not be bought by me next year.
(Tahun depan, sebuah mobil tidak akan saya beli)
Future Continuous
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Will/ Shall + Be + V-ing +O
I will be reading this novel by next two hours.
(Saya akan sedang membaca novel ini pada dua jam mendatang)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Be + Being + V3
This novel will be being read by me by next two hours.
(Novel ini akan sedang saya baca pada dua jam mendatang)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari object) + Will/ Shall + Not + Be + Being + V3
This novel will not be being read by me by next two hours.
(Novel ini tidak akan sedang saya baca pada dua jam mendatang)
Future Perfect
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Will / Shall + Have + V3
I will have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening.
(Aku mungkin akan menyelesaikan buku ini paling lambat besok petang)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Have + Been + V3
This book will have been finished written by me by tomorrow evening.
(Buku ini mungkin akan telah selesai saya tulis paling lambat besok petang)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari object) + Will/ Shall + Not + Have + Been + V3
This book will have been finished written by me by tomorrow evening.
(Hingga besok petang, buku ini mungkin tidak akan selesai saya tulis)
Future Perfect Continuous
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Will/ Shall + Have + Been + V-ing + O
They will have been doing the project for three years exactly in June, next year.
(Tepat pada bulan Juni tahun depan mereka akan telah mengerjakan proyek itu selama tiga tahun)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Have + Been + Being + V3
The project will have been being done by them for three years exactly in June, next year.
(Proyek tersebut akan telah dikerjakan oleh mereka selama tepat tiga tahun pada Juni mendatang)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari object) + Will/ Shall + Not + Have + Been + Being + V3
The project will not have been being done by them for three years exactly in June, next year.
(Proyek tersebut belum dikerjakan selama tiga tahun pada Juni mendatang/ Pada Juni mendatang proyek tersebut belum genap tiga tahun dikerjakan)
Future Past
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Would/ Should + V1 + O
They would give me an advice but they were in a hurry to catch the yesterday’s morning flight.
(Kemarin mereka akan memberi saya sebuah saran namun saat itu mereka sedang terburu-buru mengejar penerbangan pagi)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Would/ Should + Be + V3
An advice would be given to me by them but they were in a hurry to catch the yesterday’s morning flight.
(Sebuah saran akan mereka berikan kepada saya namun saat itu mereka sedang terburu-buru mengejar penerbangan pagi)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari object) + Would/ Should + Not + Be + V3
An advice would not be given to me by them because they were in a hurry to catch the yesterday’s morning flight.
(Sebuah saran tidak akan mereka berikan kepada saya karena saat itu mereka sedang terburu-buru mengejar penerbangan pagi)
Future Past Continuous
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Would/ Should + be + V-ing + O
Yesterday, Anthony had told me that he would be waiting for me by the time I arrived there but he lied to me, He was not there!
(Antony kemarin sebelumnya telah mengatakan kepadaku bahwa ia akan sedang menunggu saya saat saya tiba di sana tapi ia membohongiku, saat itu ia tidak di sana!)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Would/ Should + Be + Being + V3
Yesterday, Anthony had told me that I would be being waited by him by the time I arrived there but he lied to me, he was not there!
(Antony kemarin sebelumnya telah mengatakan kepada saya bahwa saya akan sedang ia tunggu saat saya tiba di sana tapi ia membohongiku, saat itu ia tidak di sana!)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari object) + Would/ Should + Be + Being + V3
Yesterday, Anthony had told me that I should not be being waited by him by the time I arrived there and he was really not there!
(Antony kemarin sebelumnya telah mengatakan kepada saya bahwa saya tidak akan ia tunggu saat saya tiba di sana dan saat itu iamemang tidak di sana!)
Future Past Perfect
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Would/ Should + have + V3 + O
I would have got the highest point if only I had learnt the material seriously.
(Aku seharusnya mendapatkan nilai tertinggi seandainya aku belajar serius)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Would/ Should + Have + Been + V3
The highest score should have been got by me if only I had learnt the material seriously.
(Nilai tertinggi seharusnya saya dapatkan seandainya saya mempelajari bahannya secara serius)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari object) ++ Would/ Should + Have + Been + V3
The highest score should not have been got by him if only I had learnt the material seriously.
(Nilai tertinggi seharusnya tidak ia dapatkan seandainya saya mempelajari bahannya secara serius)
Future Past Perfect Continuous
RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF
S + Should/ Would + Have + Been + V-ing + O
I had predicted that by last week they would have been doing their project for three months.
(Saya telah menduga bahwa hingga minggu lalu mereka akan telah mengerjakan proyek selama tiga bulan)
RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF
(+) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Should/ Would + Have + Been + Being + V3
I had predicted that their project should have been being done by them for three months by last week.
(Saya menduga bahwa hingga minggu lalu proyek tersebut akan telah mereka kerjakan selama tiga bulan)
(- ) S (yang berasal dari object) + Should/ Would + Not + Have + Been + Being + V3
I had predicted that their project should not have been being done by them for three months by last week.
(Saya menduga bahwa hingga minggu lalu proyek tersebut belum genap tiga bulan mereka kerjakan)
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